Optoelectronic element with a non-protruding lens

ABSTRACT

An optoelectronic component has a lens that is formed in the surface of an encapsulant surrounding a semiconductor diode element. With respect to emitters, the lens reduces internal reflection and reduces dispersion to increase overall efficiency. With respect to detectors, the lens focuses photons on the active area of the detector, increasing detector sensitivity, which allows a detector having a reduced size and reduced cost for a given application. The lens portion of the encapsulant is generally nonprotruding from the surrounding portions of the encapsulant reducing contact surface pressure caused by the optoelectronic component. This non-protruding lens is particularly useful in pulse oximetry sensor applications. The lens is advantageously formed with a contoured-tip ejector pin incorporated into the encapsulant transfer mold, and the lens shape facilitates mold release.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application is a continuation application of, and claims priority from U.S. patent application No. 09/038,494, filed Mar. 10, 1998, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,525,386, which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein. This application is also related to U.S. patent application No. 10/336,953, filed on Jan. 3, 2003.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to the field of optoelectronics, which includes light emitting components, such as light emitting diodes (LED) and laser diodes, and which also includes light detecting components, such as photodiodes, phototransistors, photodarlingtons and photovoltaic cells. Optoelectronics also includes various devices which incorporate optoelectronic components, such as displays, photosensors, optocouplers, and fiberoptic transmitters and receivers. In particular, this invention relates to lenses to increase the efficiency of optoelectronic emitters and the sensitivity of optoelectronic detectors.

2. Description of the Related Art

A prior art LED 100 is shown in FIG. 1 and consists of a semiconductor diode element 110 electrically connected to a leadframe 120 and surrounded by an encapsulating material 130. The diode element 110 is typically mounted to one lead 122 of the leadframe 120 and connected to a second lead 124 of the leadframe 120 by a wire bond 140. These two leads provide an electrical connection between an external current source and the anode and cathode of the diode element 110. The external current source supplies power to the diode device 100 that is converted to emitted light by the photoelectric effect, which occurs at the semiconductor junction within the diode element 110.

Internal inefficiencies within a semiconductor diode result in very low net efficiencies, which is the ratio of emitted light power to input power. Internal inefficiencies arise from a low ratio of minority carriers injected into the diode semiconductor junction to photons generated at the junction; photon loss due to internal reflection at the semiconductor/encapsulant interface; and absorption of photons within the semiconductor material. Because of these low net efficiencies, many LED applications require high input current, resulting in heat dissipation and device degradation problems in order to obtain sufficient light.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, the encapsulant 130 forms a flat light-transmitting surface 150. A flat surface is convenient in many applications where the LED is mounted to another surface that is also generally flat or in applications that otherwise cannot accommodate a protruding surface. The inefficiencies described above, however, are compounded by the configuration of the LED encapsulant/air interface. An encapsulant having a flat surface, such as in FIG. 1, allows photons transmitted by the diode element 110 to have considerable dispersion. A flat encapsulant surface also results in internal reflection at the encapsulant/air interface, further reducing photon transmission and increasing photon absorption within the encapsulant material.

FIG. 2 illustrates a prior art LED 200 having an encapsulant 230 that forms a spherical surface 250. A spherical or other curved surface gives a larger angle of incidence for photons emitted from the semiconductor diode element 210, reducing losses due to internal reflection. Further, this surface 250 acts as a lens to reduce the dispersion of generated photons. Unfortunately, a protrusion, such as this curved surface, is difficult to accommodate in many applications.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An optoelectronic device according to the present invention incorporates a lens that increases component performance. For example, the output of an LED utilizing the lens is increased by, in part, reducing internal reflection. Internal reflection results from the differing indices of refraction at the interface between the LED encapsulant and the surrounding air.

As shown in FIG. 3, when a light ray 310 passes from a media having a higher index of refraction 320 to a media having a lower index of refraction 330, the ray 310 is refracted away from the normal 340 to the surface 350. The angle, θ₁, is customarily referred to as the angle of incidence 370 and the angle θ₂ is customarily referred to as the angle of refraction 380. As the angle of incidence 370 is increased, the angle of refraction 380 increases at a greater rate, in accordance with Snell's Law: sinθ ₂=(N ₁ /N ₂)sinθ ₁, where (N₁>N₂). When the angle of incidence 370 reaches a value such that sin θ₁=N₂/N₁, then sinθ₂=1.0 and θ₂=90°. At this point none of the light is transmitted through the surface 350, the ray 310 is totally reflected back into the denser medium 320, as is any ray which makes a greater angle to the normal 340. The angle at which total reflection occurs: θ_(c) =arcsinN ₂ /N ₁ is referred to as the critical angle. For an ordinary air-glass surface, where the index of refraction is 1.5, the critical angle is about 42°. For an index of 1.7, the critical angle is near 36°. For an index of 2.0, the critical angle is about 30°. For an index of 4.0, the critical angle is about 14.5°.

An optoelectronic device according to the present invention has an encapsulant that functions as a lens. For emitter applications, the lens reduces internal reflection and dispersion without having a protruding curved surface. Thus, LEDs utilizing the present invention have an improved efficiency compared with prior art flatsurfaced LEDs and similar devices, without the physical interface difficulties of the prior art curved-surface LEDs and similar devices. For detector applications, the lens focuses photons on the active area of the detector, increasing detector sensitivity. This increased detector sensitivity allows a detector having a reduced size, hence a reduced cost, to be used for a given application.

A particularly advantageous application of an optoelectronic device with a non-protruding lens is in pulse oximetry, and in particular, as an emitter in pulse oximetry probes. Pulse oximetry is the noninvasive measurement of the oxygen saturation level of arterial blood. Early detection of low blood oxygen saturation is critical because an insufficient supply of oxygen can result in brain damage and death in a matter of minutes. The use of pulse oximetry in operating rooms and critical care settings is widely accepted.

A pulse oximetry probe is a sensor having a photodiode which detects light projected through a capillary bed by, typically, red and infrared LED emitters. The probe is attached to a finger, for example, and connected to an instrument that measures oxygen saturation by computing the differential absorption of these two light wavelengths after transmission through the finger. The pulse oximetry instrument alternately activates the LED emitters then reads voltages indicating the resulting intensities detected at the photodiode. A ratio of detected intensities is calculated, and an arterial oxygen saturation value is empirically determined based on the ratio obtained: I _(rd) /I _(ir) =Ratio→%O ₂Saturation

Typically, a look up table or the like correlates the Ratio to saturation. The use of conventional LEDs within pulse oximetry probes has a number of drawbacks. Pulse oximetry performance is limited by signal-to-noise ratio which, in turn, is improved by high light output emitters. LEDs without lenses, such as illustrated in FIG. 1, are not optimized to transmit the maximum amount of light into the skin. LEDs with-protruding lenses, such as illustrated in FIG. 2, create increased pressure on the skin, resulting in perfusion necrosis, i.e. a reduction of arterial blood flow, which is the medium to be measured. A solution to this problem in accordance with the present invention is an LED incorporating a non-protruding lens.

One aspect of the present invention is an optoelectronic device that comprises an encapsulant having a surface, a lens portion of the surface, and a filler portion having a generally planar surface. The filler portion is disposed around the lens, and the lens does not extend substantially beyond the plane of the generally planar surface. The optoelectronic device also comprises an optoelectronic element embedded in the encapsulant and operable at at least one wavelength of light. The lens being configured to transmit or receive the at least one wavelength.

Another aspect of the present invention is a mold tool for an optoelectronic device that comprises a first mold piece having a surface that defines a first cavity and an aperture within the first cavity. The mold tool also comprises a second mold piece having a surface which defines a second cavity. The first cavity and second cavity cooperate to form a molding compound into a predetermined shape. The mold tool further comprises an ejector pin having a contoured tip. The pin is movably located within the aperture between a first position retracted within the cavity and a second position extended from the aperture. In the first position, the tip constitutes an integral portion of the first cavity. In the second position, the ejector pin facilitates removal of the compound from the first cavity. The ejector pin tip at least partially defines the predetermined shape.

Another aspect of the present invention is an optoelectronic method comprising the steps of providing a generally planar surface at a predefined distance from an optoelectronic element, defining a light transmissive region of that surface within the critical angle of the optoelectronic element, and contouring the surface within the transmissive region without exceeding the predefined distance. These steps create a nonprotruding lens for the optoelectronic element. In one embodiment, the transmissive region has a circular cross-section. The optoelectronic method can comprise the further step of shaping a surrounding region adjacent said transmissive region.

Yet another aspect of the present invention is an optoelectronic device comprising an encapsulant means for embedding an optoelectronic element and a lens means for conveying light between the optoelectronic element and a media surrounding the encapsulant means. In one embodiment, the optoelectronic device further comprises a flat surface means for providing a low-pressure contact surface for the lens means. In that embodiment, the optoelectronic device can further comprise an arcuate surface means for avoiding total internal reflection of light from the flat surface means. In another embodiment, the optoelectronic device further comprises a surrounding surface means for providing a contact surface for the encapsulant from which the lens means does not protrude.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is described in detail below in connection with the following drawing figures in which:

FIG. 1 is a cross-section view of a prior art LED having an encapsulant with a flat light-transmitting surface;

FIG. 2 is a cross-section view of a prior art LED incorporating a protruding, spherical light-transmitting surface;

FIG. 3 generally illustrates light refraction at a surface between two media having different indices of refraction;

FIG. 4 is a cross-section view of an LED incorporating a single emitter and a flat-surfaced, vertical-side lens according to the present invention;

FIG. 5A is a plan view of an LED incorporating dual-emitters and a flat-element, non-protruding lens;

FIG. 5B is an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 5A illustrating the critical angle;

FIG. 6 is a plan view of another LED incorporating dual-emitters and a spherical-element, non-protruding LED lens;

FIG. 7A is a plan view of the lower cavity of a production mold tool for encapsulating an optoelectronic element;

FIG. 7B is a plan view of the upper cavity of a production mold tool for encapsulating an optoelectronic element;

FIG. 7C is a cross section view of the upper cavity and the lower cavity of a production mold tool in a closed position;

FIG. 8A is an illustration of a prior art ejector pin for a production mold tool;

FIG. 8B is a cross-section view of a prior art ejector pin tip;

FIG. 9 is a cross-section view of a non-protruding optoelectronic lens being formed in a mold tool with a contoured ejector pin tip according to the present invention;

FIG. 10A is a cross-section view of an ejector pin tip for creating a non-protruding optoelectronic lens featuring a flat surface element;

FIG. 10B is a cross-section view of an ejector pin tip for creating a non-protruding optoelectronic lens featuring a spherical surface element; and

FIG. 10C is a cross-section view of an ejector pin tip for creating a detector cavity.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of an LED having a non-protruding or minimally protruding lens according to the present invention. The LED 400 consists of at least one semiconductor diode element 410, which is mounted to one lead of a leadframe 420 and connected to another lead of a leadframe 420 with a bond wire 440. The diode element 410, bond wire 440 and portions of the leadframe 420 are surrounded by an encapsulant 430. A lens 460 is molded into a portion of the encapsulant 430. The lens 460 has a generally flat, surface portion 462 that is at or below the plane of the surrounding surface portions 434 of the encapsulant 430. The lens extends radially from the diode element 410 out to the critical angle 464, at which point total internal reflection of photons emitted from the diode element would occur. Past the critical angle 464, the lens 460 has a steep side surface portion 466, which extends below the surface of the surrounding filler portion 434 of the encapsulant 430 to prevent internal reflection. A trough 468 is located between the flat surface portion 462 of the lens 460 and the surface of the surrounding filler portion 434 of the encapsulant 430. Due to refraction, light rays exiting the side surface portion 466 are bent towards the lens 460, reducing dispersion as compared to the prior art LED of FIG. 1.

Manufacturability considerations may limit the lens embodiment described above. If the lens side surface portion 466 is too steep, the LED may be difficult to release from the encapsulant mold. Further, the depth of the trough 468 may restrict the flow of encapsulant during the molding process and may also interfere with the bond wire 440. Optical considerations also may constrain this embodiment. The sharp transition 465 between the flat surface portion 462 and side surface portion 466 of the lens 460 results in an abrupt directional change of light rays exiting the lens 460 on either side of this transition 465, which may be problematic in some applications.

FIG. 5A illustrates an embodiment of a non-protruding lens LED for pulse oximetry applications. Pulse oximetry requires transmission of two wavelengths. Thus, this LED 500 utilizes dual semiconductor diode elements, a “red emitter” 512 producing wavelengths in the red portion of the spectrum and an “IR emitter” 514 producing infrared wavelengths. One type of red emitter is an AlGaAs chip available from, among others, Opto Tech Corporation, Hsinchu Science-Based Industrial Park, Taiwan, R.O.C., part number ED-014-UR/3. This part has a peak emission at 660±3 nm and a radiant power of 1.3 mW minimum. One type of IR emitter is a GaAs chip available from, among others, Infratech Corporation, 10440 Miller Road, Dallas, Tex., part number INF905N13H. This part has a peak emission at 905±10 nm and a radiant power of 1.8 mW typical.

The cathode side of the red emitter 512 is mounted to a first lead 522 and the cathode side of the IR emitter is mounted to a second lead 524. A third lead 528 is unused. A first bond wire 542 connects the anode side of the red emitter 512 to the second lead 524. A second bond wire 544 connects the anode side of the IR emitter 514 to the first lead 522. With this configuration, the red emitter 512 and IR emitter 514 are electrically connected in parallel and “back-to-back,” i.e. cathode to anode. In this manner, the red emitter 512 and IR emitter 514 are activated one at a time by alternating the polarity of a voltage applied between the first lead 522 and second lead 524.

The semiconductor diode elements 512, 514, the leads 522, 524, 528 and associated bond wires 542, 544 are all encapsulated after the mounting and bonding process. Encapsulation is accomplished with a transfer mold process as described in detail below. The encapsulant 530 is molded into a standard-sized planar package having a length, L, of 220 mils, a width, W, of 170 mils and a thickness, T, of 70 mils. This forms a light transmitting side 502 and a backside 504 for the LED 500. One available encapsulant is HYSOL® MG18, which is from The Dexter Corporation, Electronic Materials Division, Industry, Calif. The index of refraction, I_(R), for MG18 is 1.52. Thus, the critical angle, θ_(c), is arcsin(1/1.52)=41.1°. Another available encapsulant is NT-300H, which is from Nitto Denko America, Inc., 55 Nicholson Lane, San Jose, Calif. The index of refraction and critical angle for NT-300H is I_(R)=1.564 and θ_(c)=39.7°.

A lens is advantageously formed in the encapsulant during the molding process, as further described below. The light transmitting side 502 of the encapsulant 530 contains a contoured region 550 and a flat, filler region 570. The contoured region 550 is a shaped-surface within a circular cross-section 125 mils in diameter. The flat region 570 is a planar surface that surrounds the contoured region 550. Within the contoured region 550 are a lens 560 and a trough 552 having a sidewall 554. The lens 560 has a circular cross-section 563, a flat surface element 564, and an arcuate surface element 568. The flat surface element 564 is a substantially flat, circular portion of the lens 560 having a 30-mil diameter in one embodiment. The arcuate surface element 568 is a curved portion of the lens 560 having a 25-mil radius extending from the edge of the flat surface element 564 to the beginning of the trough 552 in one embodiment. The trough 552 has a depth of 22 mils and a bottom width of 4.2 mils in one embodiment. The sidewall 554 is constructed at an angle of 50° with respect to the flat region 570. With the lens configuration described above, the flat surface element 564 of the lens 560 is in the same plane as the flat region 570 surrounding the lens. This creates a non-protruding lens surface, which avoids pressure necrosis when the emitter with a lens in accordance with the present invention is used is a sensor.

As depicted in FIG. 5B, if the center of an emitter 512 is assumed to be a point source, the maximum distance, B, along the flat surface element before total internal reflection of light occurs is calculated as follows:

-   A=the distance to the lens surface -   =thickness of encapsulant top-half−lead thickness−½ emitter     thickness     -   =(50−10−4)=36 mil -   B/A=tan(π·θ_(c)/180°)=0.83, for 39.7°, therefore -   B=0.83·36≈30 mil     Thus, the entirety of the flat surface element 564, which has a     diameter of 30 mil, is within the critical angle of light rays from     either the red emitter 512 or the IR emitter 514, as illustrated in     FIG. 5B and by the calculations above.

The red emitter 512 is advantageously mounted only slightly offset with respect to the center of the lens 560. Although there is no total internal reflection of light from either emitter 512, 514 at any portion of the flat surface element 564, internal reflection increases as the incident angle approaches the critical angle. The red emitter 512 has a lower efficiency as compared to the IR emitter 514, as apparent from the 1.3 mW versus 1.8 mW radiant power, respectively, for the parts described above. The placement of the red emitter 512 near the lens center minimizes losses from internal reflection in the red spectrum to somewhat compensate for the red emitter's lower efficiency. This placement, however, is somewhat at the expense of the IR emitter 514, which has a higher efficiency and is, accordingly, mounted near the periphery of the lens 560 due to the space constraints imposed by the red emitter 512 placement and the configuration of the leads 522, 524 and bond wires 542, 544. At its location, the IR emitter 514 may incur significant internal reflection at portions of the lens 560 and uncalculated optical effects due to the proximity of the trough 552 and the trough sidewall 554.

The embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 5A-B overcomes the limitations of the non-protruding LED lens described with respect to FIG. 4. The trough 552 is shallow enough to allow encapsulant flow and to avoid bond wires. The sidewall 554 is angled to allow easy release of the part from the molding tool. The arcuate portion 568 provides a smooth transition between the flat surface portion 564 and the trough 552 to reduce corner effects.

FIG. 6 illustrates another preferred embodiment of the LED that incorporates a non-protruding spherical lens. As in the embodiment described with respect to FIGS. 5A–B, the light transmitting side 502 of the encapsulant 530 contains a contoured region 550 and a flat, filler region 570. The contoured region 550 and flat region 570 are as described above. Within the contoured region 550 are a lens 660 and a trough 652 having a sidewall 654. The lens 660 has a spherical surface element 664 having a curved surface with a radius of 50 mils. In this configuration, the trough 652 has a depth of 25 mils and a bottom width of 2.7 mils. The sidewall 654 is constructed at an angle of 56° 35′ with respect to the flat region 570. With the lens configuration described above, the apex portion of the spherical surface element 664 is in the same plane as the flat region 570 surrounding the lens. As with the lens described with respect to FIGS. 5A–B, this creates a non-protruding lens surface, which avoids pressure necrosis. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that other lens shapes are also feasible within the scope of the current invention, such as a lens with a parabolic surface element.

FIG. 7A depicts top, front and side views of the lower cavity portion 710 of a production transfer mold for encapsulating an LED according to the present invention. An available mold has 200 cavities and is manufactured by Neu Dynamics Corp., 110 Steamwhistle Drive, Ivyland, Pa., part number 97-3239. As shown in FIG. 7A, the lower cavity portion 710 has a cavity 720 for each LED to be molded. Placed into this mold are leadframe strips each containing the components for multiple LEDs. Each cavity has portions 722 to accommodate the three leadframe leads allocated to each LED. Each cavity 720 also has a gate 724 through which encapsulant is injected during the molding process, which is described in detail below. A vent 728 allows excess encapsulant and air to be ejected from the cavity. The depth of each cavity 720 is 50 mils, which, with reference to FIG. 5B, corresponds to the thickness, T_(u), of the encapsulant upper half.

Each cavity 720 in the lower cavity portion 710 of the mold tool contains an ejector pin 800. When the mold press is opened, these ejector pins 800 protrude into the cavities 720, separating the encapsulated leadframes from the mold tool and allowing removal of the encapsulated leadframes. Within each cavity 720 is an aperture 732 that accommodates the ejector pin tip 1000 as described below. The ejector pin 800 for each cavity is installed in a shaft 734 in the body of the lower cavity portion 710.

FIG. 7B depicts the upper cavity portion 760 of the production transfer mold corresponding to FIG. 7A. As shown in FIG. 7B, the upper cavity portion 760 has a cavity 770 for each LED to be molded. The depth of each cavity 770 is 20 mils, which, with reference to FIG. 5B, corresponds to the thickness, T_(l), of the encapsulant lower half. The production mold, including the lower 710 and upper 760 cavity mold portions are mounted on lower and upper platens, respectively, of a standard production press. An available press is an 83-ton press manufactured by Fujiwa Seiki, model number TEP75-30, available from ESC International, Four Ivybrook Blvd., Ivyland, Pa.

A transfer molding process is utilized to encase the semiconductor diode elements, interconnecting gold bond wire and leadframe within a thermosetting epoxy resin, which is optically transmissive. Further conventional processing results in a completed LED device. Initially, the mold tool is brought to an operating temperature between 140–175° C. The mold tool is brought to an open position. One or more leadframes having multiple leads 522, 524, 528, mounted emitters 512, 514 and bond wires 542, 544 are loaded into a carriage so-that the emitters 512, 514 will be face down in the lower mold cavities 720, which form the light emitting side 502 of the encapsulant 530. The leadframe carriage is then preheated to 325° F. and loaded into the mold tool. The mold press is closed, exerting maximum pressure on the mold tool. Mold compound pellets, which have been preheated for approximately 25 seconds to the consistency of a marshmallow are then loaded into a mold compound pot. A transfer ram injects the molten encapsulant into each cavity gate 724 at a pressure of between 500–1000 psi, and air and excess encapsulant are ejected through each cavity vent 728. The mold cycle time is between 2–5 minutes and nominally 3:00 minutes. After transfer molding, the clear molding resin is cured in an oven at 150° C.±10° C. for 2–4 hours.

FIG. 7C shows a side, cross-section view of the upper cavity portion 760 and the lower cavity portion 710 of the mold tool in the closed position. The upper cavity portion 760 is shown attached to the upper mold tool base 780 with bolts 782. The lower cavity portion 710 is shown attached to the lower mold tool base 740 with bolts 742. In this closed position, each upper cavity 770 and lower cavity 720 together form a whole cavity 790 that accepts and shapes mold compound to form the LED encapsulant. Also shown is a cavity ejector pin 800 that functions as described above for separating an encapsulated leadframe from the mold tool. In addition, there is a runner ejector pin 744 that functions similarly to the cavity ejector pin 800 to separate an encapsulated leadframe from the mold tool. A runner holddown pin 784 serves to position a leadframe within the mold tool.

FIG. 8A illustrates a conventional ejector pin 800. The pin 800 has a base 810, a rod 820 and a tip 830. FIG. 8B illustrates the flat surface at the tip 830 of a prior art ejector pin 800. A pin 801 with a contoured tip 1000 according to the present invention, as described below with respect to FIGS. 10A-B, is installed in the shaft 734 of the lower cavity portion 710 described with reference to FIG. 7A. The rod 820 can freely slide within the shaft 734 such that the tip 1000 is flush with or protrudes into the cavity 720 through the aperture 732. A separate portion of the mold tool presses against the base 810 to actuate the ejector pin 800 when the press is opened or closed. With the prior art ejector pin 800, discontinuities between the pin tip 830 and the surrounding tool and the fact that the pin tip 830 is not exactly flush with the surrounding tool result in imperfections on the surface of the mold compound. This undesirable ejector pin mark typically has to be polished off or placed on a portion of the molded part where the mark has no effect. With respect to molding LED devices, the ejector pin mark can distort the optical properties of the LED encapsulant surface. As a result, in a typical LED molding process, ejector pins are placed on the backside or non-emitting surface of the LED.

FIG. 9 illustrates a mold tool that advantageously utilizes the presence of the ejector pin in each mold cavity to shape the mold compound. This is in stark contrast to the prior art, which attempts to minimize the ejector pin effect. With respect to molding an LED, such as that shown in FIG. 6, the ejector pin 800 is located such that it contacts the light transmitting surface 502 of the LED 600, rather than the backside surface 504. The ejector pin 800 is located within a cavity 720 of the lower cavity portion 710 of the mold tool so that it becomes an integral part of the molding process. As illustrated in FIG. 9, the pin tip 1000 is contoured to form the lens 660, trough 652 and trough sidewall 654 of the LED 600.

The ejector pin 801 according to the present invention functions both to remove the molded parts from the tool and impart a contour to the surface of the LED. As shown in FIG. 9, in the mold tool closed position, the ejector pin 801 provides a shaped surface for molding a lens 660 into the encapsulant 530. In the mold tool open position, the ejector pin 801 serves the function of separating the encapsulated LED 600 from the mold tool 710 to facilitate removal.

FIG. 10A illustrates an embodiment of a contoured-tip ejector pin according to the present invention. The ejector pin tip 1000 is advantageously shaped to create an LED 500 having a non-protruding lens 560 with a flat surface element 564 corresponding to the illustration of FIG. 5A. The ejector pin tip 1000 of FIG. 10A has an optically ground and polished flat circular surface 1010 of 30 mil diameter which corresponds to the flat surface element 564 of the LED lens 560. The ejector pin tip 1000 also features a curved portion 1020 of 25 mil radius, R_(l), blending into the flat surface 1010 which is similarly ground into the pin tip 1000 and which corresponds to the arcuate surface element 568 of the LED lens 560. The pin tip 1000 has a combination of a 50° angle, θ_(l), and a 0.023 inch height, D_(l), taper 1030 ground and optically polished on the outer diameter of the pin tip 1000 which corresponds to the LED encapsulant sidewall 554. The tip area 1040 between the curved portion 1020 and taper 1030 corresponds to the LED encapsulant trough 552.

FIG. 10B illustrates another embodiment of a contoured-tip ejector pin according to the present invention. The ejector pin tip 1000A is advantageously shaped to create an LED 600 having a non-protruding lens 660 with a spherical surface element 664 corresponding to the illustration of FIG. 6. The ejector pin tip 1000A of FIG. 10B has an optically ground and polished spherical dome 1060 of 50-mil radius, R₂, which corresponds to the spherical surface element 664. The tip 1000A also has a 56°, 35′ angle, θ₂, and 0.025 inch height, D₂, taper 1070 ground and optically polished on the outer diameter of the pin tip 1000A which corresponds to the encapsulant sidewall 654. The tip area 1080 between the spherical dome 1060 and taper 1070 corresponds to the encapsulant trough 652. Neu Dynamics, Ivyland, Pa., is capable of manufacturing ejector pins with contoured tips such as shown in FIGS. 10A–B.

FIG. 10C illustrates yet another embodiment of a contoured-tip ejector pin according to the present invention. The ejector pin tip 1000B is advantageously shaped to create a generally cone-shaped chamber in the encapsulant to concentrate or “funnel” energy onto the surface of a detector element embedded in the encapsulant. This creates a one-piece detector device that functions similarly to a photodetector mounted within a separate chamber, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,638,818 and assigned to the assignee of the present invention. The tip 1000B features a taper 1090 that is ground and optically polished on the outer diameter of the pin tip 1000B and that corresponds to the chamber walls.

The non-protruding optoelectronic lens and associated contoured-tip ejector pins have been disclosed in detail in connection with the various embodiments of the present invention. These embodiments are disclosed by way of examples only and are not to limit the scope of the present invention, which is defined by the claims that follow. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate many variations and modifications within the scope of this invention. For example, although the current invention was described above mostly with respect to LED embodiments, the current invention also applies to non-protruding lenses for encapsulated photodiode detectors and to detector cavities. 

1. A non-reflectance pulse oximetry sensor capable of being positioned in proximity to a person's skin, the pulse oximetry sensor comprising: an encapsulant having a surface positionable in proximity to the skin; a lens comprising a curved lens portion of the surface of the encapsulant; a generally smooth portion of the surface of the encapsulant, wherein the lens does not protrude substantially beyond the generally smooth portion, thereby avoiding forming a pressure necrosis at the skin; a trough between the curved lens portion and the generally smooth portion of the surface of the encapsulant, the trough having a sidewall spaced from the lens; and an optoelectronic element embedded in the encapsulant, the optoelectronic element emitting light through at least a portion of the lens to the skin.
 2. The non-reflectance pulse oximetry sensor of claim 1, wherein the non-reflectance pulse oximetry sensor is a transmission pulse oximetry sensor.
 3. The non-reflectance pulse oximetry sensor of claim 1, wherein the optoelectronic element comprises a first light emitting diode operable to transmit light through at least a portion of the lens.
 4. The non-reflectance pulse oximetry sensor of claim 3, further comprising a second light emitting diode embedded in the encapsulant and operable to transmit light through at least a portion of the lens.
 5. The non-reflectance pulse oximetry sensor of claim 4, wherein the first light emitting diode transmits wavelengths in the red portion of the electromagnetic spectrum and the second light emitting diode transmits wavelengths in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
 6. The non-reflectance pulse oximetry sensor of claim 1, wherein the lens further comprises a flat lens portion which lies substantially parallel to the generally smooth portion of the surface of the encapsulant.
 7. The non-reflectance pulse oximetry sensor of claim 1, wherein the lens has a generally circular cross-section in at least one plane.
 8. The non-reflectance pulse oximetry sensor of claim 1, wherein the lens has a generally parabolic cross-section in at least one plane.
 9. The non-reflectance pulse oximetry sensor of claim 1, wherein the curved lens portion is spherically-curved.
 10. The non-reflectance pulse oximetry sensor of claim 1, wherein the curved lens portion is parabolically-curved. 